How registered nurses might develop appropriate leadership skills

How registered nurses might develop appropriate leadership skills Throughout this discussion I will talk about NHS leadership frameworks, give a definition of leadership, discuss styles, and theories such as transactional and transformational models. Mention the Knowledge Skills Framework, explaining how good clinical supervision and perceptership during orientation can have a positive influence on a good patient care outcome. Giving an overview of the skills and attributes that enable nurses to become leaders, NHS Scotland (2004), proposed a Leadership Framework, the paper talked about improving the health of Scotland and reforming how healthcare is delivered. Its aim, to develop new leaders on all levels of the NHS, as this will be crucial for the ambitious goals set out for the health service. Department of health 2004 (DOH) is hoping to create visionary leaders who can empower individuals; they are looking for effective leaders with a complex mix of attributes, behaviours and skills, who must also be able to reflect upon and evaluate themselves (Oliver 2006). Nurses demonstrating an effective leadership style will be in a powerful position to influence the successful development of other staff, this in turn will lead to the ultimate goal of any healthcare organisation which is influencing the quality of patient care through good nursing leadership. (Frankel 2008) When we think of leaders we think of great people such as Churchill, Kennedy, Florence Nightingale and many more, these people are regarded as leaders because they had a vision to change things for the better, they inspired their fellow men with words of wisdom, they challenged authority and seized on opportunities. These challenges are carried out every day in all kinds of clinical and non- clinical settings in the NHS, not many nurses will make the history books, but a good nurse leader will be respected, and become a role model for others. However, there are some theorists who believe that leadership is in-born and that some traits of a leaders personality such as intelligence, initiative and confidence are what creates leaders. (Goffee and Jones, 2000). There are also those who disagree, Kouzes and Posner (2002) for example, argue that the skills of a leader are observable and learnable. Ellis and Abbott (2009), agree with, Faugier Woolnough, (2002), who looked at models of leadership, and believe that people get intrinsic satisfaction when given more control over their work, they tend to be more productive and better motivated. According to Murphy (2009), good leadership plays a very important role in the provision of good patient care. Since the publication of The NHS plan (DOH 2000) the NHS has drastically changed its managerial stance, recognising that the concept of, effective leadership, is the key to modernising todays health service. (Warriner 2009) The goal of the government is to steer the NHS away from a bureaucratic and scientific management and on towards an organisational culture of self management (Oliver 2006), this will provide a dynamic and responsive health care system with a work force that can cope with frequent organisational change. To achieve this goal the NHS need, to have clinicians who can demonstrate leadership skills and can act as role models at all levels of the service Leadership, according to Grim (2010), is a complex entity, there are many definitions, Benton (2005), described leadership as the art of influencing people to accomplish the mission, another definition by Huczynski and Buchanan (1991), defines leadership as; a social process in which one individual influences the behaviour of others without threats or violence. Cook, (2001),  stated that; Leadership is not merely a series of skills or tasks; rather, it is an attitude that informs behavior. Thefore, leadership styles are often based upon behaviours that are used to influence change. There are different styles of leadership; autocratic, these types of leader set their own goals; they do so without allowing other team members to participate in the decision making, they lead from the top down. (Faugier Woolnough, 2002). Bureaucratic, leadership has no grey areas, they stick to the rules, regulations and policies rigidly. Laissez faire leadership is a more risky kind of leadership as the staff members are left to their own devices in meeting the goals set out. According to Faugier Woolnough, (2002), Ellis and Abbott (2009), a better and fairer leadership style may be situational leadership, this style allows the leader to switch between all the above styles depending on the situation they are dealing with and the competence of the workforce he or she is working with at that time. Many organisations, the NHS included, have adopted transactional and transformational models of leadership. The transactional approach to leadership according to Frankel (2008), is more management orientated, it assumes that work is done only because of rewards and no other reason, it is task orientated, sets goals for employees focuses on day to day operations and gets things done. Members of these teams can do little to improve or change their job. Transactional leaders, will do things right, whereas transformational leaders, will do the right things. (Taylor 2009) This could be the reason why transformational leadership, is used in many corporate situations, it suits many circumstances in business as their leaders are exceptionally motivated, trusted, set clear goals, encouraged and supported, their teams inspire others. Transformational leadership is a style that is focused on change, its more complexed,the way it shapes and alters the goals and values of other staff, to achieve a collective purpose which will benefit the nursing profession (Grimm2010). Transformational leadership if used by higher management is supposed to have a cascading effect or domino effect as others call it, these leaders see that the relationship between leader and follower as being critically important in the running of the organisation. There is an emphasis on empowerment by being honest and open, building a bond of trust that can encourage their staff to become independent in their decision making. If the transformational model of management is started at the top and works down to the shop floor with every member of staff having that shared vision, any organisation could move mountains, you would have an effective workforce which will then have a positive effect on patient outcomes. (Taylor 2009) The models are tools to help the nurse become a good leader, they are frameworks on which to build an effective leadership style, ideas from all of the models can be used and switched about to suit the individual leader. The concepts are not set in stone, to be an effective leader, the manager needs to change from transactional leadership to a transformational one. Hurley and Linsley (2007) suggest a amalgamation of the two is needed to free nurse leadership from self imposed boundaries these two models together could support and underpin clinical leadership with humanistic principles. As a newly qualified registered nurse, leadership will be a daunting thought, being the newest member of staff, the leadership mantle will not rest on easy shoulders, through good preceptors during orientation, the new staff nurse will become a team player, as team work is essential to ensure that patients receive the optimum care and the best service available. A new nurse will become part of a multidisciplinary team, which will include a complex mix of people with individual personalities, cultural beliefs and behaviours who will work together with an overall aim of achieving a common goal, good effective patient care. Good leadership is essential as the dynamics of the team will be subjected to constant change depending on every day problems such as, staff shortages, absenteeism, and change of responsibilities. The role of the leader is to ensure that the problems would not have any effect on patient care. Leadership is rarely thrust upon the unsuspecting nurse; it is a set of knowledge, skill and attributes that are developed over time (Morgan 2000). Therefore, knowledge and skills must be kept up to date throughout the practitioners working life to develop these skills the practitioner must go through the Knowledge and Skills Framework (KSF). (DOH 2004), KSF, is an effective ongoing tool used to show the broad skills and knowledge, that a nurse or practitioner needs to be effective in their particular post or position. The framework was introduced alongside the Agenda for Change (AfC) pay system to ensure every NHS nurse receives an annual review to assess the knowledge and skills required to do his or her job. The aims of the KSF were to show clear and consistent development objectives so that practitioners were aware of what skills would be needed for their chosen role, to help and encourage the development of staff in such a way that they can apply the newly gained knowledge and skills to their post and to help identify any knowledge and skills that may support career progression and encourage the need for life long learning. (Hinchcliff 2008 Cook 2001 ) The KSF will ensure that practitioners are fit to practice and continue to provide a framework for good quality care, recognised that investment must be made to improve nursing practice and educate nurses to be effective leaders. Leadership skills are implemented at the start of the nurse training programs, communication, critical thinking, listening, self awareness, empathy, motivation, reflection, and problem solving. These skills will be required from every registered nurse from the onset of their career to show that, an individual can achieve leadership and decision-making skills, and will go on to enhance services in our complex and diverse healthcare environment. Communication, one of the main skills that a newly qualified nurse can excel in immediately after training, a good handover, passing on messages such as doctors orders, blood results, listening to what patients are saying and also what they are not saying, body language, telephone calls, information appertaining to the patient in her care, this skill may be intrinsic but it can also be a learned skill. There are many theories and models on communication, much has been written about this subject models such as, The Circular Transactional Model of Communication, (Bateson 1979), and a Skill Model of Interpersonal Communication Hargie Dickson 2004) to name only two of them. (Timmons McCabe 2009) The theories and models may not have a direct influence on how the nurse communicates with her patient, but by reading them it allows discussion and in a nursing context this could illustrate a difference between a task centred approach or a patient centred approach when dealing with her patients. A research study carried out by Burns (2009) found that participants felt that leaders need to have, effective communication and interpersonal skills, to be able to tell staff were they are going wrong or encourage them if they are on the right track, they need to be good listeners and keep the staff informed, sharing the vision, negotiate care, or successfully manage care. To have leadership skills nurses must be more assertive, it is well documented (Timmons McCabe 2009) that in the past most nurses tended to take a submissive role in communication behaviour, todays nurse with good mentorship and support can be frank, flexible and open-minded and with the right encouragement can motivate and encourage others, without being confrontational or challenging, this can work in the patients best interest, to have a confident practitioner who is responsible and accountable for her actions. Sengs (2006) view on this was that these individuals have emotional maturity they seek understanding of their roles, similarly Goleman (1998), found that key skills should be found in effective leaders, such as, self awareness and assertiveness, these are the leadership skills that nurses have to develop. A good leader needs to understand themselves, be aware of their own feelings, actions, values, attitudes, beliefs and how they influence relationships and interactions with others, thus, a nurse cannot understand others until they themselves are self aware. Self-awareness is a lifelong process and requires the individual to look inside themselves and reflect take on board feedback from others. (Senge 2006) Assertiveness, another valuable skill in the element of communication, Balzer-Riley (2000) suggests that, assertiveness is a gift that expresses thoughts feelings and ideas without the anxiety of having a negative effect on others. Self- regulation; this is the component of emotional intelligence that enables the individual to be reasonable in the workplace, with appropriate control over feelings and impulses, these leaders are open to change and have the capacity to create environments of trust and fairness. Motivation, driven by not only external incentives such leaders are uniquely internally motivated and will display both innate optimism and organisational commitment. Empathy, also an essential skill for a good leader, it enables one to understand both the needs of the user of the service and also those of the providers. Social skills, enables the leader to find common ground and manage relationships they should be recognised by co workers as someone they would want to follow. (Timmins McCabe 2009) Lett (2002), gave a definition of leadership as, the skilled nurse who leads patients to better health care, Cook (2001) agrees, what sets a leader apart is the ability to develop and influence others. Perceptorship and mentorship are not much different to leadership, Adaire (2002) defines them as, the art of influencing people to follow a certain course of action, controlling them,directing them and getting the best out of them. A nurse who has good preceptership and mentorship style will be in the position to influence the sucssesful development of newly qualified staff and students, having a good sense of humour, patience and aproachability, ensuring that their professional standards are maintained thus enabling the growth of competent practitioners. Elmeres (2010) suggests, that strong leadership is vital to the success of the preceptor process; the ability to guide, facilitate and evaluate nurses is an undeveloped skill .Clinical leaders must take factors such as personality clinical competence, communication abilities into account. If the preceptor cannot communicate with the new staff nurse because they are lacking in knowledge themselves or have little self esteem then they will be a poor preceptor. The role of the preceptor as an educator and facilitator of learning is the cornerstone of nursing orientation. Elmeres (2010) The preceptore needs to be able to give both positive and constructive criticism e.g., `That was a good dressing you put on` or `thats not how I would do it, but let me show you how, and then you can have another go`. These comments will build confidence and motivate the orienteer. Orientation to a clinical area can take anything up to 18months as every one learns at different speed. It would not be conducive to the nurse if her orientation was over too soon as she may feel overwhelmed and incompetent, this would then demoralise her with no job satisfaction this could be detrimental to the patient care outcome as she could go off work sick leaving the clinical area short staffed, or need mentored again because of lack of confidence. Clinical supervision in the workplace was introduced as a way of using reflective practice and shared experiences as a part of continuing professional development Butterworth (1992), gave a definition of Clinical Supervision, an exchange between practicing professionals to enable the development of professional skills. Clinical supervision provides a structured approach to deeper reflection on clinical practice, which can lead to improvements in practice and client care, it has the support of the NMC, and fits well in the clinical governance framework, whilst improving nursing practice. Reflection, just like clinical skills, reflection needs to be learned, it is an activity that is central to a nurses professional practice. Johns (2000) stated; Reflection is a window that the nurse can view and concentrate on herself within the context of her lived experience, this will help her to confront and understand the problem and work towards resolving it within her practice of what she has done and what she would like to do better. There are several models of reflection (e.g. Gibbs 1988, Johns 2000, Taylor 2006,) these models help the practitioner by asking structured questions about their experiences in clinical practice which prompt the practitioner to remember certain aspects of the event e.g. who, what, where and when. As the new practitioners confidence in her experiences, abilities and competence, grows, mentoring will be the next stage of her development. The NMC (2006) states that, nurses who take the role of mentors must be registered with the NMC and be on the same part of the register as the students they assess. The mentor must be on the register for at least 12 months and have completed an NMC approved mentor preparation course, which is a ten day program, (PA, Panther 2008). Mentoring whether its formal or informal is one of the important roles that every nurse has to take part in. The NMC (2004 4.3) states that the practitioner must communicate effectively to others and share knowledge, skill and expertise with other members of the team as required for the benefit of patients. This can be seen more frequently in the delegation of colleagues on the ward. Delegation according to Hansten and Jackson (2004), is the transfer of selected tasks and responsibility for completion of tasks to another and retaining supervision and accountability for that activity. NMC (2004), states that, individual responsibility is the duty for which one is responsible, while accountability relates to the fact that one can be called to account for ones actions with regard to a duty. A nurse leader in charge of the ward or clinical area has to delegate to others, otherwise she would have no time to carry out her duties in view of this is she accountable for all her staff. Although the practitioner who has been delegated the task is accountable for her own actions, if the practitioner delegates to another a health care assistant (HCA) or student, then the practitioner is accountable for this person, as the law will state that due to professional accountability, only responsibility can be delegated to others, accountability and liability cannot be delegated. (C ornock 2008) This means that even though the individual took the task on, they may state, that they lacked the authority, knowledge and experience to carry out the task. The nurse who delegated must from a legal perspective remain nearby to monitor the task, and to offer advice if needed. In America, The National Council of State Boards of Nursing (1995), brought about the `five rights of delegation` these are the right task, the right circumstances, from the right person, with the right communication, with the right supervision. NMC (2007b) also reflect on this advice with regards to delegation. (Hinchcliff 2009) . The purpose of this assignment was to examine how registered nurses develop appropriate leadership skills, and how this can be implemented in improving a patients care requirements. Nurses who are competent in the skills of leadership will be able to plan and design the way care is delivered in the future, they will produce better patient outcomes by promoting greater nursing expertise through increased staff ability and a new level of competence this will achieve the goals of the health service providers and improve patient care outcomes. Need to re write this part REFERENCES LEADERSHIP Adaire, J. (2002) Effective Strategic Leadership. London: Pan MacMillan. Balzer Riley, J. (2000) Communication in Nursing, 4th edn., Mosby: St. Louis Bateson, G. (1979) Mind and Nature. Dutton: New York. Benton, T. (2005) Airforce Officers Guide. 34th ed. Mechanicburg: PA: Stackpole Books. Cited in: Grimm, JW. (2010) Effective Leadership: Making The Difference, Journal of Emergency Nursing, Vol 36. (1) pp. 74-77 Burns, D., (2009) Clinical leadership for genral practice nurses, part 1: Percieved needs: Practice Nursing. Vol 20. No 9, pp 466-69 Butterworth, T., Faugier, J. (1992) Clinical supervision and mentorship in nursing. Chapman and Hall: London. Cornock., M,. (2008) Where the buck stops. Nursing Standard. 23, pp.15-17 Cook, M,. (2001).   The renaissance of clinical leadership.   International Nursing, Cited in: Cornock,. M,. (2008) Where the buck stops. Nursing Standard. 12, 17 Vol 23 pp. 15-17 Department of Health (2000). The NHS Plan. London: Department of Health. Department of Health (DoH) (2004) The NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework. London Department of Health. NHS. Scotland Leadership Development Framework: Discussion. [online]. Available from: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/05/19338/36768 [Accessed 10th July, 2010] Ellis, P,. Abbot,. J. (2009) How to succeed as a new renal nurse manager. Journal of Renal Nursing 1 (2): pp.93-96. Faugier, J,. Woolnough, H,. (2002).   National nursing leadership programme   Mental Health Practice, 6 (3): pp 28-34. Elmers, C.R,. (2010) The role of Preceptor and Nurse Leader in Developing Intensive Care Unit Competency Critical Care Nurse,. Vol 33. No1 pp.10-18 Frankel, A,. (2008) What leadership styles should senior nurses develop? Nursing Times. 104: 35 pp23-24 Gibbs,. G,. (1988) Learning by Doing: A Guid to Teaching and Learning Methods. Oxford; Further Education Unit. Oxford Polytechnic. Goleman, D,. (1998) What makes a leader? Harvard Buisiness Review,76 (6), pp93-102. Hansten, R,. Jackson, M,. (2004) Clinical Deligation Skills: A Handbook for Professional Practice, 3rd edn. Aspen Publications, New York. Hurley, J,. Linsley, P,. (2007) Leadership challenges to move nurses towards collaborative indavidulism within neo-corporate bureaucratic environment. Journal of Nurse Management. 15: pp 749-55 Goffee, R,. Jones,. G,. (2000) Why should anyone be led by you? Havard Buisness Review. 78(5) pp 63-70 Grimm, J,W,. (2010) Effective Leadership: Making The Difference. Journal of Emergency Nursing. Vol 36 (1) pp 74-77. Hargie,. O,. Dickson, D,. (2004) Skilled Interpersonal Communication: Research Theory and Practice. Routlege: Sussex. Hczynski, A,. Buchanan, D,. (1991) Organisational Behaviour: An Introductory Text 2nd edn. Prentice Hall: London. Hinchliff, S,. Norman, S,. Schober, J,. (2008) Nursing Practice and Health Care. A Foundation Text 5th ed Hodder Arnold: London. Johns, C,. (2000) Becoming a Reflective Practitioner: A Reflective Holistic Approach to Clinical Nursing Practice Development and Clinical Supervision. Oxford: Blackwell Science Kouzes, JM,. Posner, BZ,. (2002) The leadership challenge; How to keep getting things done in organisations. Jossy-Bass: San Francisco. Lett, M,. (2002) The concept of clinical leadership. Contemporary Nurse. 12: (1) pp16-20. NHS Leadership Centre (2004) NHS Leadership Qualities Framework. NHS Modernisation Agency . NHS Leadership Centre, London. Nursing Midwifery Council NMC (2004) Guidelines for records and record keeping. Nursing and Midwifery Council Nursing Midwifery Council NMC (2006). The PREP Handbook. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC), (2006). Standards to Support Learning and assessment in Practice London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Nursing Midwifery Council NMC (2007b). Advice on Delegation for NMC Registrants: A-Z Advice Sheet, London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Murphy, J,. (2009) Role of clinical nurse leadership in improving patient care. Nursing Management Vol 16. No8. pp 26-28. Morgan,. B,. (2000) Testing leadership and management concepts: The Relevancy Factor. Nurse Educator: Vol 25, (4) pp181-85 Pa, A,. Panther, W,. (2008) Professional development and the role of mentorship. Nursing Standard. Vol 22 No 42 pp35-39 Oliver, S,. (2006) Leadership in Health Care. Musculoskeletal Care. Vol 4 (1) pp 38-47. Senge, P,M,. (2006) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organisation. Random House. Business: London. Taylor, BJ,. (2006) Reflective Practice: A Guide for Nurses and Midwives. Open University Press: Maidenhead. Taylor, R,. (2009) Leadership theories in the development of nurse in primary health care. Primary Health Care vol 19 No 9 pp 40-45 Timmins, F,. McCabe, C,. (2009) Day Surgery Contemporary Approaches to Nursing Care Wiley-Blackwell: UK. Warriner, S,. (2009) Midwifery and nursing leadership in the ever changing NHS. British Journal of Midwifery. Vol 17. No12. pp 764-71.

Our Brain’s Negative Bias/ Why Our Brains Are More Highly To Capture Negative Events

Brain’s â€Å"negative thinking† and â€Å"negativity† refers to those events that are not constructive and negate our feelings and desires. Conniff’s ideas on negativity stresses that even with all positive things in life, one negative thought or event becomes the focus of attention of a person. According to him problems are in a way part of our life. Only problems lead to success. Because problems crave our way to find solutions and eventually new opportunities in life are established. Until and unless there will be no problem, no one will ever go to work or strive for better.Hence, our brain has the capability to approach for the solutions in a positive way by positive thinking. Positive thinking makes a person courageous and strong enough to face hardships in life. Positive thinking generates new ideas to work on and prevent one from withdrawal. With every new problem and hardship every person faces some kind of mix attitude and behavior. Some negative feelings are produced that discourages a person and insist on withdrawal. Simultaneously positive thinking encourages us to overcome the problem and find new solutions to tackle it and think of better.Positive thinking approaches while negative thinking evokes withdrawal. However, both the systems are distinctly separate and operate independently. Smith et al (2003) demonstrated that negative stimuli grab more attention of the individual than positive stimuli. They measured PI component of ERP (event related brain potential) as an index for measuring attention allocated to particular stimuli. They investigate how the event is processed and how the positive and negative information is differentiated. Positive and negative stimuli evoke attention differentially. Negative stimuli grab attention more than positive stimuli.Certain negative stimuli capture attention more than negative stimuli which elicit lesser response. This research confirms the idea of confinn’s that negative stimuli evoke stronger response. Researchers measure electric responses. Paul Rozin and Edward Royzman in their research â€Å"Negative stimuli, Negative dominance and Contagion† hypothesize that all animals and humans give greater attention to negative and threatening event and stimulus as compared to positive one. According to Peeters et al (1989) the reason that negative stimuli grasp more attention is their infrequent and sudden occurrence.As positive stimuli are presumed to be natural and everyone is adapted to their occurrence, hence no one is shocked when they occur. But negative stimuli are rare one and it is usually unnatural and unrealistic to have it and no one wants or assumes it to happen, but when it does it creates shock, anger and fear. The negative bias and negative events are more dominant and prevalent as compared to positive ones. Secondly they postulate that there is no urgency in positive stimuli and their frequent occurrence makes us adaptive to it.But negative stimuli are very rare and sometimes, dangerous and alarming, that requires urgent reaction to it. Negativity always contaminates positivism. Like even small amount of pollution can easily contaminate large area of pure atmosphere. Some negative stimuli are threatening and create fear that produce an urge a need for defense and escape from that environment. Paul Rozin describes three different neural systems designed to escape from danger. The three neural systems are at different levels of Central nervous system.One is at the level of spinal cord, at limbic system and at the level of cortex. The reflex mechanism at the level of spinal cord let the person withdraw immediately from painful stimulus like touching a hot stove. The person immediately withdrew hand from the stove without giving it a thought and before the stimulus reaches the cortex. Rozin suggests that always being playful and happy may never let us progress in life and look for new opportunities. He also propos es that positive reactions are only short lived while negative actions have long lasting effects.Even men who have done something wrong their outcomes last even after they die. Further, the effects of negativity are much stronger that even small amount of negative stimuli can destroy positive effects. The example he quoted is that small amount of tar can ruin a whole barrel of honey while a small amount of honey can do nothing to the barrel of tar. Thus, the negative stimuli are much stronger and potent. The chapter 3 in Conniff’s book and the remaining two articles are in conformity with each other support the idea of negativity having more influence than positive events.I agree with conniff’s idea about negativity bias because in our day to day observation we can see that negative events affect our emotions more strongly than do positive events. One more thing that I can suggest is that negative stimuli evoke stronger response when they occur first time in a sudden. However, the same negative event or stimulus occurring repeatedly can lower the response generated as humans and animals become adaptive to it and gradually they change their environment or behavior in a way to either avoid it or become accommodated with it.Hence, negative stimuli occurring again and again may not produce same response as that was produced at first time. References Coniff, Richard (2005). The Ape In The Corner Office. Chapter 3 (pp. -33-39). N. Kyle Smitha

Chronic Condition Why Canada s Health Care System

Critical Book Review – Chronic Condition: Why Canada’s Health-Care System Needs to be Dragged into the 21st Century By: Navia Kumar Student ID#: 20571425 TA: Aisha Shibli Chronic Condition was an enthralling book to read. Most Canadians, myself included, take our health care system and how it came into existence for granted, so learning about the controversies and issues surrounding its creation are fascinating to learn about. This book went into great detail about the trials and tribulations that were faced in order to create the health care system that Canadians today have. Author Jeffery Simpson takes readers on the stimulating voyage of how Medicare came to be and the issues it has caused by analyzing the†¦show more content†¦Canadians often find a great source of pride in our health care system because it is â€Å"free†. When living next to a country that loudly boasts about its freedom and other such aspects, it is hard to stand out on a global level. That is why most citizens are misguided when they try to compare our health system to that of the United States. Indeed, if you look at the facts, we do have a better system but it is quite irrelevant to compare the two since we are both organized and financed differently. The United States spends more money on their system but does not reap the benefits that more money should offer. Often, the only gain from the comparison is a political one. The federal government’s as well as the provincial governments’ funding has lead to the provinces being too hospital heavy, meaning that there aren t enough low cost/more efficient facilities in existence such as long-term care facilities, which causes more patients to go to the hospital, which in turn causes more money to be spent than if the patient had been able to go elsewhere. Two key reasons why our health care system is so expensive are the cost of the drugs and the compensation that doctors receive. In order to keep up with the rising cost of our health care, Dalton McGuinty privatized services like physiotherapy and optometry and, â€Å"†¦Also froze the budgets of twelve departments other tha n health. There was the classic health-care spending trifecta: higher

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The Epic Of Gilgamesh, By Herbert Mason - 2237 Words

Life is full of unexpected challenges; it is how we deal with them that either makes us stronger or weaker as an individual. We either grow up mentally from the challenges we face, or we don’t grow up at all. One challenge that we are all going to have to face, if we haven’t already, is what it feels like to lose a loved one. No matter what we do, we can’t prevent it. We are all going to have to experience grief and learn how to cope with our losses. However, in the story of one man who couldn’t take the fact that someone as powerful as himself could lose a loved one, had no other choice but to learn the hard way of how to cope with his loss. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, a retold story by the best-selling author, Herbert Mason, tells the story of a king who was two thirds god and one third man. He was full of pride and made himself superior to others. Because he was so arrogant and oppressive to his people, it seemed that he needed companionship from someone that was the opposite of himself. He needed a friend that would show him how to be humble and have consideration for others. When he meets and befriends his perfect companion, they become unstoppable as they love and protect one another like brothers. However, these friends couldn’t be more opposite; one was two thirds god and one third man, while the other was an animal like man. This is the story of two beings becoming human together. This is the story of a king who thought that he was so mighty and powerful that heShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Gilgamesh, By Herbert Mason880 Words   |  4 PagesGilgamesh is an ancient text which still exists today, it dates back to approximately 3,000 B.C. Despite the fact that it is old, people can still relate to its themes today. A few themes portrayed within the story include, love, friendship, the meaning of life, and death. 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The question does not seem so strange today as it may have back in 2500 B.C.E., an age when people tell stories of the Great King of Uruk--Gilgamesh. Although the story of â€Å"Gilgamesh† revolves around themes of masculinity and brotherhood--with its male prerogative, its composers develop several strong female characters which suggest women have great influence in a male-dominated, Mesopotamian society. The first female character that influences a man is the prostituteRead MoreTheme Of Sexuality In Gilgamesh1484 Words   |  6 PagesSexuality in Gilgamesh: Through history, independent cultures have developed stories, legends and myths that share common roots. From Shakespeares dramas to modern soap operas, the expression of the collective subconscious creates similarities in theme and purpose that transcend differences of time, genre, or race. Among these universal themes, one in particular echoes more than the rest: sexuality, and its importance. In the worlds oldest text, Gilgamesh, sexuality’s role is depicted prominentlyRead MoreThings Fall Apart and Exile Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagesself-imposed banishment from one’s home or given as a form of punishment. Exile results in solitude; leaving people only time to reflect upon their self. B. The main characters in The Epic of Gilgamesh, The Tempest, and Things Fall Apart all encounter exile due to their actions. C. (THESIS) – The protagonists, Gilgamesh, Prospero, and Okonkwo all have experiences of exile which alienate them from their homeland, but as hurtful as it is for them to go through; their experience alienates them causingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 1596 Words   |  7 PagesChristina Moore July 23, 2015 In the verse narrative The Epic of Gilgamesh the principal character Gilgamesh, King of Uruk, is described as a being that is two-thirds god and one-third man. Gilgamesh is a hero/protagonist who exhibits many more human features than divine features. This makes him a flawed hero because all humans are flawed. The Epic of Gilgamesh is the same type of story that is seen in the Old Testament. The story itself was found on stone tablets, written in the same time periodRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay2178 Words   |  9 PagesGeorgia Perimeter College Epic of Gilgamesh Jung M Gu World Literature 129 Liam Madden 12/2/2016 â€Æ' Jung Gu Professor Liam Madden World Literature 11/30/16 The Epic of Gilgamesh The story about Gilgamesh is one of the earliest pieces of world literature dating back to the second millennium B.C.E. This story has been evolved gradually over a long span of a millennium, and has been enjoyed by many nations. The Epic of Gilgamesh teaches life lessons that apply to the past and presentRead More A Jungian Analysis of the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay3198 Words   |  13 PagesA Jungian Analysis of the Epic of Gilgamesh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper will provide a unique, psychological perspective on a timeless story that is alive with mythological and religious splendor. I must state clearly that this is not the first time that Gilgamesh has been viewed in the light of the philosophy of Jung.   One of two Jung essays I happened upon while preparing my research was the Psychology of Religion. Although I initially felt that this source would provide little help with my paper, I

Influence of Fictional Character on Casual Fashion Free Essays

Influence of fictional character on casual fashion:Abstract: This research paper focuses on the influence of fictional character on day to day fashion. The branding of the companies like Netflix, Disney, Marvel, DC has a lot to do in this. This is the reason that this kind of fashion is not bound to any age group or gender. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Fictional Character on Casual Fashion or any similar topic only for you Order Now This fictional character prints or motif can change the value of a simple t-shirt, just because someone likes the character. Keywords: Fandom, Graphic, Fiction, Casual Fashion, Street-wearIntroduction: Human being a very social animal tend to look for pathways to convey its unique ideas to a greater majority. Apart from serious topics such as Politics, Religion and Race, fan-fiction or a talk over people’s favourite is considered as a very unique way to establish your physical or virtual identity not among teenagers as well as young-adults. Especially for young-adults who navigate from one place to another during their formative years tend to meet a lot of people. Be it the person you sit next to during class or your roommate, you need to establish a social network because most of us don’t want to be considered as eccentric or introverts. Hence a popular television fandom is the only way. The term â€Å"fandom† describes a community of people who bond over a common interest. People following such fandom tend to express themselves in very unique ways. As a result they form a huge market for brands such as free authority who excel at merchandising such television shows and movies. Moreover, there are numerous websites who deal with customised t-shirts which absolutely rely on fan-fiction propaganda. Research Objective:To study the impact of popular television series and movie on Casual Fashion for kids and young-adults. To study the role of branding and merchandising in creating such fandom driven products.Research Method:Research Type: Exploratory research as it tries to explore the market of fandom driven productsData Collection Technique: Data collected will only be secondaryReview of Literature:A fictional character is a person or other being in a narrative of a series,videogames,movie etc. It can be 2 dimensional or 3 dimensional. The term cartoon originated in the Middle Ages and first described a prepare story drawing for a piece of art, such as painting, fresco, tapestry or stained glass window . In 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers. And in early 20th century and on words it refer to comic strips and animated films.The populery which this fictional character got,it influenced fashion in many ways.From a kid to a young adult every one wanted this merchandise. Gupta, S. and Panna, B. (2015). Effect of Cartoon Shows on Kids Fashion. International Journal of scientific research and management (IJSRM), [online] 3(6), pp.1-2. Available at: http://ijsrm.in/v3-i6/27%20ijsrm.pdf [Accessed 15 Apr. 2018]. How Manga and Anime influence Fashionhttp://otapleonehalf.tumblr.com/post/126507841313/how-manga-and-anime-influence-fashionAnalysis and Interpretation:Conclusion: Refernce Wilkin, D. (2014). The influential impact of fandoms. Fandoms are indicative of passion and dedication, don’t be so quick to judge.. [online] The Diamondback. Available at: http://www.dbknews.com/archives/article_fac2e8e6-3def-11e4-ab37-001a4bcf6878.html [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018]. http://ijsrm.in/v3-i6/27%20ijsrm.pdf http://otapleonehalf.tumblr.com/post/126507841313/how-manga-and-anime-influence-fashion https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2015/sep/17/minnie-mouse-how-the-disney-cartoon-influenced-fashion http://www.complex.com/style/2012/08/how-90s-cartoons-influenced-todays-style-trends/patterned-shorts How to cite Influence of Fictional Character on Casual Fashion, Papers Influence of Fictional Character on Casual Fashion Free Essays Abstract: This research paper focuses on the influence of fictional character on day to day fashion. The branding of the companies like Netflix, Disney, Marvel, DC has a lot to do in this. This is the reason that this kind of fashion is not bound to any age group or gender. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Fictional Character on Casual Fashion or any similar topic only for you Order Now This fictional character prints or motif can change the value of a simple t-shirt, just because someone likes the character. Keywords: Fandom, Graphic, Fiction, Casual Fashion, Street-wear Human being a very social animal tend to look for pathways to convey its unique ideas to a greater majority. Apart from serious topics such as Politics, Religion and Race, fan-fiction or a talk over people’s favourite is considered as a very unique way to establish your physical or virtual identity not among teenagers as well as young-adults. Especially for young-adults who navigate from one place to another during their formative years tend to meet a lot of people. Be it the person you sit next to during class or your roommate, you need to establish a social network because most of us don’t want to be considered as eccentric or introverts. Hence a popular television fandom is the only way. The term â€Å"fandom† describes a community of people who bond over a common interest. People following such fandom tend to express themselves in very unique ways. As a result they form a huge market for brands such as free authority who excel at merchandising such television shows and movies. Moreover, there are numerous websites who deal with customised t-shirts which absolutely rely on fan-fiction propaganda. Research Objective: To study the impact of popular television series and movie on Casual Fashion for kids and young-adults. To study the role of branding and merchandising in creating such fandom driven products. Research Type: Exploratory research as it tries to explore the market of fandom driven products Data Collection Technique: Data collected will only be secondary Review of Literature A fictional character is a person or other being in a narrative of a series, videogames, movie etc. It can be 2 dimensional or 3 dimensional. The term cartoon originated in the Middle Ages and first described a prepare story drawing for a piece of art, such as painting, fresco, tapestry or stained glass window. In 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers. And in early 20th century and on words it refer to comic strips and animated films. The popularity which this fictional character got,it influenced fashion in many ways. From a kid to a young adult every one wanted this merchandise. Gupta, S. and Panna, B. (2015). Effect of Cartoon Shows on Kids Fashion. International Journal of scientific research and management (IJSRM), [online] 3(6), pp.1-2. Available at: http://ijsrm.in/v3-i6/27%20ijsrm.pdf [Accessed 15 Apr. 2018]. How Manga and Anime influence Fashionhttp://otapleonehalf.tumblr.com/post/126507841313/how-manga-and-anime-influence-fashion Refernce Wilkin, D. (2014). The influential impact of fandoms. Fandoms are indicative of passion and dedication, don’t be so quick to judge.. [online] The Diamondback. Available at: http://www.dbknews.com/archives/article_fac2e8e6-3def-11e4-ab37-001a4bcf6878.html [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018]. http://ijsrm.in/v3-i6/27%20ijsrm.pdfhttp://otapleonehalf.tumblr.com/post/126507841313/how-manga-and-anime-influence-fashionhttps://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2015/sep/17/minnie-mouse-how-the-disney-cartoon-influenced-fashionhttp://www.complex.com/style/2012/08/how-90s-cartoons-influenced-todays-style-trends/patterned-shorts How to cite Influence of Fictional Character on Casual Fashion, Papers

Corporate Sector In Australia Considering â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Disuss About The Corporate Sector In Australia Considering? Answer: Introduction The present study is based on case evaluation of companies who went into liquidation and had impacted Australian economy significantly. The study will include a description of liquidation of companies and primary factors that led corporate entities to this situation. Analysis and evaluation in the study will be supported by case examples of ABC Learning, HIH Insurance and One.Telphone Company. It will also include lessons that learnt by companies operating in Australia from this major collapses. Liquidation of companies in Australia Liquidation or winding up is process undertaken legally for the closure of all operating activities of the business. It involves selling all asset of the business and winding up the affairs of the company as stated by the law (Hodne and et, al 2013). The process of liquidation undertaken by law brings the end of a company as it is a lawfully created entity which cannot die a natural death. In accordance with the case study of Carnegie and OConnell (2014) economic downturn leads to corporate failure, even though there are controlled changes in specific characteristics of the company. The information that is necessary to rank companies according to failure risk is provided in company specific factors. Debt at risk frame work measures the contribution of failure of cooperation to financial risk stability (Chen, Ramsay and Welsh, 2016). This shows that it is usually concentrated in large companies and corporate debt at risk is low in total. It also indicated the importance of trade credit, in the leverage form that can have an impact on corporate failure and as a potential channel which promotes shocks. The ability to transmit distress in the business increases its importance towards financial stability. Case examples of liquidation ABC Learning The collapse of ABC Learning is considered to be a crucial case of liquidation in Australia. As per the view point of Damiani, Bourne and Foo (2015), the primary reason of liquidation was the low supervision of the government. Further ABC Company implemented the trick of the Macquarie Bank of leveraging a consistent streamline of income financially to finance acquisitions, and expected an always increasing market share price would finance the infinite growth (Crockett and Ali, 2015). However, they do not contain the sense or the base of a varied asset to drive the model effectively and were utterly exposed to a significant increase in costs of credit. The government has the total role in providing half revenue for 70 percent in private sectors for childcare services. It must not be more rapid release in the concept of taking control over the management of ABC learning. The absolute size, the debt of firm- it has loans of approx $1b or above to the big four banks alone, will be more difficult even if the budget excesses to be limitless (Betta, 2016). Been pointed out by Sue Lines, ABC Learning does not own the land by which its centres are located. How much land the company holds is still mysterious. There is no point to say anything about the $20m in fundamental entitlements for employees. Another option for this aspect, however, is exclusive of profited centres of the cited company, leaving unprofitable or low-profit centres in limbo (Clarke and Dean, 2014). Relatively, the government must not begin to play a governance role proportionate to its importance of finance. The proposed company board, imbalanced with the politicians, seems to be failed in practising a vital level of controlling over the management of Eddy Groves. HIH Insurance The plan of HIH soap composition is well-known, as the company suffered from a failure in 2001 with debts of approx $5.3billion, which Ray Williams and their legion received by gross collapse, and charged a very little for premium and failed to pay out sufficient amount to claims. They covered through under reserving that will increase profits and making use of financial reinsurance agreements to convert a loss into profits. The chief executive of the company, Williams diverted the community of investment through a series of takeovers, that ended in paying out of amount $300 million in 1998 for Rodney Adler's FAI Insurances. Mark Westfield's easy yet effective past of the collapse of HIH is likely to be aimed for those who desired to chase the money instead of personalities. During 1999, HIH takes over its major competitors, FAI Insurance by considering the fact that chief executive of company Rodney Adler as one of its corporate directors (Miglani, Ahmed and Henry, 2015). With approximate $8.1bn base of an asset in the 2000 year end. HIH is largely apparent as a deep, reliable and healthy company. However individual internal records showed the debt leverage ratio of company and liabilities of insurance were relatively too high, due to this, there was a high risk of insolvency (Brennan, 2014). At last, in 2001, the corporate unstable financial position becomes weaker day by day, and HIH suffered from the biggest ever collapse in the history of Australia, bearing the loss of more than $5bn. The company was progressing to operate effectively in order to service and examine old claims, without the taking of new business on boards. A financial regulator of Australia establishes to identify the clear event chains that resulted in the collapse of HIH. Another main factor determined in the failure of HIH was the deficiency to offer proper future claims, and all problems arise from his sole issue. Concealing future claims is considered to be an essential element of any insurance company; however by the termination of its existence the company was in a situation where only a 1.7 percent negative shifty could bring the firm to insolvency. The main reason for the collapse was misstatements in new and changing conditions of the market, that raised liabilities of the firm adversely and strategic planning was unable to conceal it, and this may be likely to amend these changes (Brennan and Fenech, 2014). New and changing conditions of the market can lead to severe damage to any insurance company. However, these risks are recognizably, and most of the companies make extra efforts to reduce their experience to these changes. The reason that HIH radically exposed itself in its every part was the intense quick expansion of the company. As ment ioned before, HIH obtained several companies in its ending years and creating an extreme force for global expansion. At last, it is now all clear that HIH must be more careful while following its expansion and must have such steps that ensured that its liabilities are timely covered. Through rapid expansion, the company entered in those markets in which they had no or little experience, although none of the provision seems to be made for the requirements to take additional margins when entering into new markets (Welsh, 2014). This is said to be the proper case of mismanagement and over attitude in the time period of expansion. One.Telphone Company In 2001, the OneTel collapse was considered to be the major collapse ever. During the collapse, it was among the 4th largest tele company in Australia with approximately two million consumers and handing its operations in over eight countries. Analysis of both qualitative and quantitative information from various sources recommended that the collapse of One-Tel collapse is a typical case of failed hopes and expectations, misstatements, wrong use of pricing policy and uncontrolled growth (Dagwell, Wines and Lambert, 2015). The firms sudden growth and downfall were linked with severe lacks in its corporate governance inclusive of failure in internal control, quality of audit, board study management, and managerial communication with the board, financial reporting and weak links of executive paying. Hence, the failure of One-Tel contains various significant aspects of corporate governance role in avoiding company collapse. One.Tel had the weak quality of financial reporting and earnings as well. It was possible to record minor positive earni9ngs in its initial time period because of its non-traditional policy of accounting options and huge positive accumulations. It contained poor controls over internal system and inconsistency in reporting and recording (Keneley, Wines and Jain, 2017). However, it also has a low-quality audit. It constantly achieved a weak and incompetent audit estimations regardless of severe contravene of Corporations Act, auditing standards in 1998. Although One-Tels declining working cash shortage, problems in cash collecting and losses covered by none traditional policies of accounting, companys auditor were unable to solve the issues. There was minimal variation in the boards opinion (Chen, 2016). The management didnt reveal to the board regarding the solvency position and performance of the firm. On the contrary to this, the no- supervisory directors were incapable of examining the efficiency of the management and asked weird questions to management regarding how they work in business, the association of executive pay with the performance was very poor in the company. The managerial authorities achieved huge bonus on performance at the time of declining companys performance. The collapse of One-Tels collapse left various courses on companys strategies. Primarily, it is not sufficient to obtain customer in big scale unless and until those customer supply to firms profitability. Next, pricing policies according to of competitors just to get market shares, and this can lead to terrible consequences. It is not sufficient to produce sales revenue until those revenues are gathered in a timely manner (cash). One-Tel termination left various lessons on companys governance also (Gray, 2017). Initially, powerful internal system control, quality of financial reporting and audit, effectual management inspection, revealing of corporate affairs to the board, and a solid connection with executive payments and corporate performance are essential for firms effective corporate governance. Next, the board is less interested in identifying issues and problems of firms where there is leading CEO in firm. After that, beard teams which are not executive must prepare their own explorations to the firm performance and strategies (Manganelli and et al., 2014). Thus, non-executive board members must be provided admission to upper to lower management to certify the reliability of information. Further, firms large investors must be actively interested in overseeing the firm. The involvement of auditor in the service of an audit might give and take audit quality. The board members must always control on the meeting of the board to preside the agenda of the board to assess the management attitude efficiently. Conclusion The present study shows that increasing financial obligations is not the sole primary reason for liquidation by considering three major cases of collusion in Australia. For long term sustainability, businesses must comply with regulatory and ethical aspects by considering long term financial aspects instead of focusing on short term benefits. Present study clarifies the fact that chances of failure of public companies are much more than private companies as they take more risk with greater separation of ownership and more controlling power given to their managers. Subsidiary companies of foreign parents are less likely to fail as compared to stand alone companies. An important role is played by the cyclical factors which include usual suspects like high leverage, low profitability and low liquidity. These cyclical determinants that are related to the rate of failure are same for listed as well as unlisted companies. But, leverage increase and size decrease raise the chances of failur e for listed companies whereas ageing decrease the probability of failure of unlisted companies. Hence it can be cited that liquidity and profitability are important for all companies. Further, aggregate conditions also determine the failure rates annually. References Betta, M., 2016. Three Case Studies: Australian HIH, American Enron, and Global Lehman Brothers. InEthicmentality-Ethics in Capitalist Economy, Business, and Society(pp. 79-97). Springer Netherlands. Brennan, D. and Fenech, M., 2014. Early Education and Care in Australia: Equity in a Mixed Market-Based System?.An Equal Start?: Providing Quality Early Education and Care for Disadvantaged Children, pp.171-192. Brennan, D., 2014. The business of care: Australias experiment with the marketisation of childcare.Australian Public Policy: Progressive Ideas in the Neoliberal Ascendency, pp.151-167. Carnegie, G.D. and OConnell, B.T., 2014. A longitudinal study of the interplay of corporate collapse, accounting failure and governance change in Australia: Early 1890s to early 2000s.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(6), pp.446-468. Chen, S., 2016. A look at how the Commissioner deals with phoenix companies.Taxation in Australia,51(2), p.74. Chen, V., Ramsay, I. and Welsh, M.A., 2016. Corporate law reform in Australia: An analysis of the influence of ownership structures and corporate failure. Clarke, F. and Dean, G., 2014. Corporate Collapse: Regulatory, Accounting and Ethical Failure. InAccounting and Regulation(pp. 9-29). Springer New York. Crockett, M. and Ali, M.J., 2015. Auditor independence and accounting conservatism: Evidence from Australia following the corporate law economic reform program.International Journal of Accounting Information Management,23(1), pp.80-104. Dagwell, R., Wines, G. and Lambert, C., 2015.Corporate accounting in Australia. Pearson Higher Education AU. Damiani, C., Bourne, N. and Foo, M., 2015. The HIH claims support scheme.Economic Round-up, (1), p.37. Gray, J., 2017. The simultaneous application of section 424 (1) and section 22 (1).Without Prejudice,17(4), pp.14-15. Hodne, N., Murphy, S., Ottenbacher, M. and Ruggles, T., 2013. Australia and the United States: A Comparison and Contrast of Corporate Governance Practices. Keneley, M., Wines, G. and Jain, A., 2017. The Collapse of Unlisted Mortgage Companies: A Regulatory Dilemma.Accounting Research Journal,30(1). Manganelli, B.E.N.E.D.E.T.T.O., Morano, P.I.E.R.L.U.I.G.I. and Tajani, F.R.A.N.C.E.S.C.O., 2014. Companies in liquidation. a model for the assessment of the value of used machinery.WSEAS Trans. Bus. Econ,11, pp.683-691. Miglani, S., Ahmed, K. and Henry, D., 2015. Voluntary corporate governance structure and financial distress: Evidence from Australia.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,11(1), pp.18-30. Welsh, M. (2014). Realising the public potential of corporate law: Twenty years of civil penalty enforcement in Australia.Fed. L. Rev.,42, 217